Leaf from Gratian's Decretum: Table of Consanguinity

Unknown artist, c. 1270–1300

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Medium: Ink, tempera and gold on parchment
Size: Sheet: 28.9 x 21.2 cm (11 3/8 x 8 3/8 in.)
Culture: Italy, probably Naples, 13th century
Museum: Cleveland Museum of Art
Rights: CC0 — no rights reserved

These leaves were excised from a copy of the handbook of canon law known simply as the Decretum written by Gratian, an Italian Camaldolese monk, in Bologna around 1130–40. The Decretum was widely copied and consulted throughout the Middle Ages. Consanguinity diagrams were used to show the degree of kinship between an individual and his or her "blood" relations. These tables followed an established tradition dating back to around 600 CE. Until church law was relaxed in 1215, a marriage could only be contracted by persons separated by seven degrees of relationship. After 1215 the degree of separation was reduced to four. Tables of Consanguinity were therefore used by church officials to regulate marriage.